UCDavis University of California

Education

• Ph.D., University of California, Davis

Research Interests

Dr. Keen´s research group has four main areas of focus. The first concerns the influence of diet on embryonic and fetal development. A significant proportion of birth defects are the consequence of embryonic and fetal malnutrition. A thesis in the laboratory is that the correction of suboptimal nutritional deficiencies during early development should result in a marked reduction in pregnancy complications. The second research theme in the group is the study of gene-nutrient interactions, with an emphasis on how subtle changes in cell mineral concentrations influence the expression of select genes. The third major research theme in the group is the study of how diet influences oxidant defense systems and cellular oxidative damage. The fourth area of research in the laboratory is on the effects of diet on the development and progression of vascular disease. A current hypothesis in the laboratory is that the putative cardiovascular health benefits associated with plant food-rich diets can be attributed in part to their flavonoid content.

Publications

• Keen, C.L., and Zidenberg-Cherr, S. Manganese toxicity in humans and experimental animals. In: Manganese in Health and Disease (D. Klimis-Tavantzis, ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 193-205, 1994.
• Baly, D.L., Walter, R.M., and Keen, C.L. Manganese metabolism and diabetes. In: Manganese in Health and Disease (D. Klimis-Tavantzis, ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 101-113, 1994.
• King, J.C., and Keen, C.L. Zinc. In: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 8th edition (Shils, M.E., Olson, J.A. and Shike, M., eds.) Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, pp. 214-230, 1994.
• Rucker, R.B., Lonnerdal, B., and Keen, C.L. Intestinal absorption of nutritionally important trace elements. In: Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract (L.R. Johnson, ed.), Third Edition, Raven Press, New York, NY, pp. 2183-2202, 1994.
• Graham, T.W., Thurmond, M.C., Mohr, F.C., Holmberg, C.A., Anderson, M.L., and Keen, C.L. Relationships between maternal and fetal liver copper, iron, manganese and zinc concentrations and fetal developments in California Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 1994;6:77-87.
• Keen, C.L., and Zidenberg-Cherr, S. Should vitamin-mineral supplements be recommended for all women with childbearing potential? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;59:S325-S395.
• Taubeneck, M.W., Datson, G.P., Rogers, J.M., and Keen, C.L. Altered maternal zinc metabolism following exposure to diverse developmental toxicants. Reproductive Toxicology 1994;8:25-40.
• Olin, K.L., Walter, R.M., and Keen, C.L. Copper deficiency affects selenoglutathione peroxidase and selenodeiodinase activities and antioxidant defense in weanling rats. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;59:654-658.
• Domingo, J.L., Gomez, M., Sanchez, D.J., Llobet, J.M., and Keen, C.L. Relationship between reduction in food intake and amelioration of hyperglycemia by oral vanadate in STZ-induced diabetic rats. (Letter) Diabetes 1994;43:1267.
• Daston, G.P., Overmann, G.J., Baines, D., Taubeneck, M.W., Lehman-McKeeman, L.D., Rogers, J.M., and Keen, C.L. Altered Zn status by a-hederin in the pregnant rat and its relationship to adverse developmental outcome. Reproductive Toxicology 1994;8:15-24.
• Tamura, T., Freeberg, L.E., Johnston, K.E., and Keen, C.L. In vitro zinc stimulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme activities in various tissues of zinc-deficient rats. Nutrition Research 1994;6:919-928.
• Domingo, J.L., Gomez, M., Sanchez, D.J., Llobet, J.M., Corbella, J., and Keen, C.L. Normalization of hyperglycemia by vanadate on vandyl treatment in diabetic rats: pharmacological and toxicological aspects. Trace Elements and Electrolytes 1994;11:16-22.
• Bui, L.M., Keen, C.L., and Dubick, M.A. Influence of 12-week nicotine treatment and dietary copper on blood pressure and indices of the antioxidant system in male spontaneous hypertensive rats. Biological Trace Element Research 1994;46:67-78.
• Golub, M.S., Takeuchi, P.T., Keen, C.L., Gershwin, M.E., Hendrickx, A.G., and Lonnerdal, B. Modulation of behavioral performance of prepubertal monkeys by moderate dietary zinc deprivation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;60:238-243.
• Graham, T.W., Thurmond, M.C., Gershwin, M.E., Picanso, J.P., Garvey, J.S., and Keen, C.L. Serum zinc and copper concentrations in relation to spontaneous abortion in cows: implications for human fetal loss. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 1994;102:253-262.
• Golub, M.S., Han, B., Keen, C.L., and Gershwin, M.E. Auditory startle in Swiss Webster mice fed excess aluminum in diet. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 1994;16:423-425.
• Gospe, S.M., Olin, K.L., and Keen, C.L. Reduced GABA synthesis in pyridoxine-dependent seizures. The Lancet 1994;343:1133-1134.
• Buchman, A.L., Keen, C.L., Vinters, H.V., Harris, E., Chugani, H.T., Bateman, B., Rodgerson, D., Vargas, J., Verity, A., and Ament, M. Copper deficiency secondary to a copper transport defect: A new copper metabolic disturbance. Metabolism 1994;43:1462-1469.
• Cohen, S.M., Olin, K.L., Feuer, W.J., Hjelmeland, L., Keen, C.L., and Morse, L.S. Low glutathione reductase and peroxidase activity in age-related macular degeneration. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1994;78:791-794.
• Olin, K.L., Stearns, D.M., Armstrong, W.H., and Keen, C.L. Comparative retention/absorption of 51chromium (51Cr) from 51Cr chloride, 51Cr nicotinate and 51Cr picolinate in a rat model. Trace Elements and Electrolytes 1994;11:182-186.
• Bui, L.M., Dressendorfer, R.H., Keen, C.L., Summary, J.J., and Dubick, M.A. Zinc status and interleukin-1b induced alterations in mineral metabolism in rats. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1994;206:438-444.
• Keen, C.L., Zidenberg-Cherr, S., and Lonnerdal, B. Nutritional and toxicological aspects of manganese intake: An overview. In: Risk Assessment of Essential Elements (W. Mertz, C.O. Abernathy, S.S. Olin, eds.). ILSI Press, Washington, DC., pp. 221-235, 1994.
• Oster, M.H., Uriu-Hare, J.Y., Trapp, C.L., Stern, J.S., and Keen, C.L. Dietary macronutrient composition influences tissue trace element accumulation in diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1994;207:67-75.
• Keen, C.L. and Zidenberg-Cherr, S. Trace element and vitamin interactions in free radical defence. In: Nutrition in a Sustainable Environment. (Wahlquist, M.L., Truswell, A.S., Smith, R., Nestle, P., eds.) Smith-Gordon, London, pp. 799-803, 1994.
• Olin, K.L., Morse, L.S., Murphy, C., Paul-Murphy, J., Line, S., Bellhorn, R.W., Hjelmeland, L.M., and Keen, C.L. Trace element status and free radical defense in elderly rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with Macular Drusen. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 208:370-377.
• Golub, M.S., Han, B., Keen, C.L., Gershwin, M.E., and Tarara, R.P. Behavioral performance of Swiss Webester mice exposed to excess dietary aluminum during development or during development and as adults. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 133:64-72.
• Taubeneck, M.W., Daston, G.P., Rogers, J.M., Gershwin, M.E., Ansari, A., and Keen, C.L. Tumor necrosis factor-a alters maternal and embryonic zinc metabolism and is developmentally toxic in mice. Journal of Nutrition 1995;125:908-919.
• Graham, T.W., Giri, S.N., Daels, P.F., Cullov, J.S., Keen, C.L., Thurmond, M.C., Dellinger, J.D., Stabenfeldt, G.H., and Osburn, B.I. Associations among prostaglandin F2a, plasma zinc, copper and iron concentrations and fetal loss in cows and mares. Theriogenology 1995;44:379-390.
• Golub, M.S., Keen, C.L., Gershwin, M.E., and Hendrickx, A.G. Developmental zinc deficiency and behavior. Journal of Nutrition 1995;125:2263S-2271S.
• Bui, L.M., Keen, C.L., and Dubick, M.A. Comparative effects of six-week nicotine treatment on blood pressure and components of the antioxidant system in male spontaneous hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (WKY) rats. Toxicology 1995;98:57-65.
• Oteiza, P., Olin, K.L., Fraga, C.G., and Keen, C.L. Zinc deficiency causes oxidative damage to proteins lipids and DNA in rat testes. Journal of Nutrition 1995;125:823-829.
• Keen, C.L., Taubeneck, M.W., Daston, G.P., Gershwin, M.E., Ansari, A. and Rogers, J.M. Primary and secondary zinc deficiency as factors contributing to abnormal central nervous system development. Developmental Brain Dysfunction 1995;8:79-89.
• Peters, J.M., Duncan, J.R., Wiley, L.M., and Keen, C.L. Influence of antioxidants on cadmium toxicity of mouse preimplantation embryos in vitro. Toxicology 1995;99:11-18.
• Liao, Z., Allred, J., Keen, C.L., McCune, S.A., Rucker, R.B., and Medeiros, D.M. Copper deficiency alters isomyosin types and levels of laminin, fibronectin and cytochrome C oxidase subunits from rat hearts. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 1995;111B:61-67.
• Peters, J.M., Wiley, L.M., Zidenberg-Cherr, S., and Keen, C.L. Periconceptional zinc deficiency affects uterine 3H-estradiol binding in mice. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis 1995;15:23-31.
• Peters, J.M., Duncan, J.R., Wiley, L.M., Rucker, R.B., and Keen, C.L. Effect of a metallothionein antisense oligonucleotide on embryo development. Reproductive Toxicology 1995;9:123-130.
• Olin, K.L., Golub, M.S., Gershwin, M.E., Hendrickx, A.G., Lonnerdal, B., and Keen, C.L. Extracellular superoxide dismutase activity is affected by dietary zinc intake in non-human primate and rodent models. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995;61:1263-1267.
• Sakanashi, T.M., Keen, C.L., Hong, K.H., Gershwin, M.E., and Fletcher, M.P. Alterations in the chemotactic and respiratory burst responses of peripheral blood neutrophils from zinc deficient rats. Journal of Nutritional Immunology 1995;3:3-18.
• Jankowski, M.A., Uriu-Hare, J.Y., Rucker, R.B., Rogers, J.M., and Keen, C.L. Maternal zinc deficiency, but not copper deficiency or diabetes results in increased embryonic cell death in the rat: Implications for mechanisms underlying abnormal development. Teratology 1995;51:85-93.
• Keen, C.L. Cytokine Nutrition and Cancer. In: Nutrition and Cancer (P. Sachet, M. Boiron, and G. Halpern, eds). Cerin Symposium. Cerin, Paris, France, pp. 209-229, 1996.
• Rogers, J.M., Taubeneck, M.W., Daston, G.P., Sulik, K.K., Zucker, R.M., Elstein, K.H., Jankowski, M.A., and Keen, C.L. Zinc deficiency causes apoptosis but not cell cycle alterations in organogenesis-stage rat embryos: Effect of varying duration of deficiency. Teratology 1995;52:149-159.
• Clegg, M.S., Keen, C.L., and Donovan, S.M. Zinc deficiency influences the distribution of serum insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in the rat. Metabolism 1995;44:1495-1501.
• Uriu-Hare, J.Y., Swan, S.H., Bui, L.M., Neutra, R.R., and Keen, C.L. Drinking water source and reproductive outcomes in Sprague-Dawley rats. Reproductive Toxicology 1995;9:549-561.
• Domingo, J.L., Gomez, M., Sanchez, D., Llobet, J.M., and Keen, C.L. Toxicology of vanadium compounds in diabetic rats: The action of chelating agents on vanadium accumulation. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 1995;153: 233-240.
• Keen, C.L., and Lonnerdal, B. Manganese toxicity. In: Handbook on Metal Ligand Interactions in Biological Fluids (Berthon, G., ed.), Vol. 2, Marcel Dekker Publishing Co., New York, pp. 683-688, 1995.
• Rucker, R.B., Romero-Chapman, N., Wong, T., Lee, J. Steinberg, F.M., McGee, C., Clegg, M.S., Reiser, K., Kosonen, T., Uriu-Hare, J.Y., Murphy, J., and Keen, C.L. Modulation of lysyl oxidase by dietary copper in rats. Journal of Nutrition. 1996;126:51-60.
• Dodman, N.H., Knowles, K.E., Shuster, L., Moonfanelli, A.A., Tidwell, A.S., and Keen, C.L. Behavioral changes associated with suspected complex partial seizures in Bull Terriers. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1996;208:688-691.
• Smith, G.C., Clegg, M.S., Keen, C.L., and Grivetti, L.E. Mineral values of selected plant foods common to Southern Burkina Faso and Niamey, Niger, West Africa. The International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 1996;47:41-53.
• Golub, M.S., Han, B., and Keen, C.L. Iron and manganese uptake by offspring of lactating mice fed a high aluminum diet. Toxicology. 1996;109:111-118.
• Golub, M.S., Han, B., and Keen, C.L. Aluminum alters iron and manganese uptake and regulation of surface transferrin receptors in primary rat oligodendrocyte cultures. Brain Research. 1996;719:72-77.
• Keen, C.L., and Zidenberg-Cherr, S. Manganese. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition, Seventh Edition. (E.E. Ziegler and L.J. Filer, Jr., Eds.), ILSI Press. Washington, D.C., pp 334-343, 1996.
• Olin, K.L., Cherr, G.N., Rifkin, E., and Keen, C.L. The effects of some redox-active metals and reactive aldehydes on DNA-protein cross-links in vitro. Toxicology. 1996;11:1-8.
• Miller, G.D., Keen, C.L., Stern, J.S., and Uriu-Hare, J.Y. Copper absorption, endogenous excretion and distribution in Sprague-Dawley and lean (FaFa) Zucker rats. Biological Trace Element Research 1996;53:261-279.
• Keen, C.L. Teratogenic effects of essential trace metals: deficiencies and excesses. In: Toxicology of Metals. (Chang, L.W., Magos, L., Suzuki, T., eds.) CRC Press, New York, pp. 977-1001, 1996.
• Golub, M.S., Keen, C.L., Gershwin, M.E., Styne, D.M., Takeuchi, P.T., Ontell, F., Walter, R.M., and Hendrickx, A.G. Adolescent growth and maturation in zinc-deprived rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1996;64:274-82.
• Oteiza, P.I., Olin, K.L., Fraga, C.G., and Keen, C.L. Oxidant defense systems in testes from zinc deficient rats. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine 1996;213:85-91.
• Fu, S.S., Sakanashi, T.M., Rogers, J.M., Hong, K.H., and Keen, C.L. Influence of dietary folic acid on the developmental toxicity of methanol and the frequency of chromosomal breakage in the CD-1 mouse. Reproductive Toxicology 1996;10:455-463.
• Sakanashi, T.M., Rogers, J.M., Fu, S.S., Connelly, L.E., and Keen, C.L. Influence of maternal folate status on the developmental toxicity of methanol in the CD-1 mouse. Teratology 1996;54:198-206.
• Golub, M.S., Takeuchi, P.T., Keen, C.L., Hendrickx, A.G., and Gershwin, M.E. Activity and attention in zinc-deprived adolescent monkeys. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1996;64:908-915.
• Golub, M.S., Han, B., and Keen, C.L. Developmental patterns of aluminum and five essential mineral elements in the central nervous system of the fetal and infant guinea pig. Biological Trace Element Research. 1996;55: 241-251.
• Turnlund, J.R., Scott, K.C., Peiffer, G.L., Jang, A.M., Keyes, W.R., Keen, C.L., and Sakanashi, T.M. Copper status of young men consuming a low-copper diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997;65:72-8.
• Hanna, L.A., Peters, J.M., Wiley, L.M., Clegg, M.S., and Keen, C.L. Comparative effects and nonessential metals on preimplantation mouse embryo development in vitro. Toxicology 1997;116:123-31.
• Uchida, Y., Moon-Fanelli, A.A., Dodman, N.H., Clegg, M.S., and Keen, C.L. Serum concentrations of zinc and copper in Bull Terriers with lethal acrodermatitis and tail-chasing behavior. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1997;58:808-810.
• Aldrian, P.S., Keen, C.L., Lönnerdal, B. and Dewey, K.G. Effects of coffee consumption on iron, zinc and copper status in nonpregnant and pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats. The International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 1997;48:177-189.
• Dubick, M.A. and Keen, C.L. Effects of acetaldehyde administration on tissue trace elements and superoxide dismutase activity in rats. Environmental and Nutritional interactions 1997;1:161-169.
• Borchers, A.T., Hackman, R.M., Keen, C.L., Stern, J.S., and Gershwin M.E. Complementary medicine: A review of immunomodulatory effects of Chinese herbal medicines. American Journal of Clincal Nutrition. 1997;66 1303-1312.
• Duffy, J.Y., Baines, D., Overmann, G.J., Keen, C.L., and Daston G.P. Repeated administration of alpha-hederin results in alterations in maternal zinc status and adverse developmental outcome in the rat. Teratology. 1997;56: 327-334
• Keen, C.L., Taubeneck, M.W., ZidenbergCherr, S., Daston, G.P., and Rogers J.M. Toxicant exposure and trace element metabolism in pregnancy. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 1997;N3-4: 301-308.
• Verstraeten, S.V., Golub, M.S., Keen, C.L., Oteiza, P.L. Myelin is a preferential target of aluminum-mediated oidative damage. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1997;344: 289-294
• Golub, M.S., Styne, D.M., Wheeler, M.D., Keen, C.L., Hendricks, A.G., Moran, F. and Gershwin, M.E. Growth retardation in premenarchial female rhesus monkeys during chronic administration of GnRH agonist (leuprolide acetate). Journal of Medical Primatology. 1997;26: 248-256.
• Hanna, L.A., Peters, J.M., Wiley, L.M., Zidenberg-Cherr, S. and Keen, C.L. An enhancing effect of maternal zinc deficiency and Cs y-irradiation on the frequency of fetal malformations in mice. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. 1997;17: 127-137
• Peters, J.M., Taubeneck, M.W., Keen, C.L., and Gonzalez, F.J. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces a functional zinc deficiency during pregnancy and teratogenesis that are independent of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-a. Teratology. 1997;56: 311-316
• Kosonen, T., Uriu-Hare, J.Y., Clegg, M.S., Keen, C.L. and Rucker, R.B. Incorporation of copper into lysyl oxidase. Biochemistry Journal. 1997;327:283-289.
• Bell, R.C., Sakanashi, T.M., Keen, C.L. and Finegood, D.T. High fructose intake significantly reduces kidney copper concentrations in diabetic, islet transplanted ATS. Biological Trace Element Research. 1998;61:137-149.
• Rucker, R., Kosonen, T., Clegg, M.S., Uriu-Hare, J.Y. and Keen, C.L. Copper, lysyl oxidase and extracellular matrix protein cross-linking. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998;67:996S-1002S.
• Keen, C.L., Uriu-Hare, J.Y., Hawk, S.N., Jankowski, M.A., Daston, G.P., Kwik-Uribe, C.L. and Rucker, R.B. Effect of copper deficiency on prenatal development and pregnancy outcome. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998;67:1003S-1011S.
• Havel PJ, Uriu-Hare JY, Liu T, Stanhope KL, Stern JS, Keen CL, and Ahren, B. Marked and rapid decreases of circulating leptin in streptozotocin diabetic rats: reversal by insulin administration. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology 1998;43:N5:R1482-R1491.
• Miller GD, Keen CL, Stern JS, Uriu-Hare JY. Copper deficiency and arachidonic acid enhance insulin secretion in isolated pancreatic islets from lean (FaFa) Zucker rats. Pancreas 1998;17:390-396.
• Hawk SN, Uriu-Hare JY, Daston GP, Jankowski MA, Kwik-Uribe C, Rucker RB, and Keen CL. Rat embryos cultured under copper deficient conditions develop abnormally and are characterized by an impaired oxidant defense system. Teratology 1998;57:310-320.
• King JC, and Keen CL. Zinc. In: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease (ME Shils, JA Olson, M Shike, AC Ross, Editors). Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 223-239, 1998.
• Clegg MS, Donovan SM, Monaco MH, Baly DL, Ensuna JL, and Keen CL. The influence of manganese deficiency on serum IGF-1 and IGF binding proteins in the male rat. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine 1998;219:41-47.
• Buchman AL, Keen C, Commisso J, Killip D Ou, C-N, Rognerud CL, Dennis K and Dunn JK. The effect of a marathon run on plasma and urine mineral and metal concentrations. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1998;17:124-127.
• Borchers AT, Van de Water J, Kenny TP, Keen CL, Stern, JS, Hackman RM, Gershwin ME. Comparative effects of three species of ginseng on human peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferative responses. International Journal of Immunotherapy 1998;14:143-152.
• Verstraeten SE, Keen CL, Golub MS and Oteiza PI. Membrane composition can influence the rate of Al 3+, mediated lipid oxidation: effect of galactolipids. Biochemical Journal 1998;333:833-838.
• Lanoue L, Taubeneck MW, Muniz J, Hanna LA, Strong PL, Murray FJ, Nielsen FH, Hunt CD, and Keen CL. Assessing the effects of low boron diets on embryonic and fetal development in rodents using in vitro and in vivo model systems. Biological Trace Element Research 1998;66:271-298.
• Paik HY, Joung H, Lee JY, Hong KL, King JC, Keen CL. Serum extracellular superoxide dismutase activity as an indicator of zinc status in humans. Biological Trace Element Research 1999;69:45-57.
• Yoshida SH, Keen CL, and Ansari AA, Gershwin ME. Nutrition and the immune system. In: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease (ME Shils, JA Olson, M Shike, AC Ross, Editors). Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 725-750, 1999.
• Kwik-Uribe C, Golub MS, Keen CL. Behavioral consequences of marginal iron deficiency during development in a murine model. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 1999;21:661-672.
• Keen CL, Ensunsa JL, Watson MH, Baly DL, Donovan SM, Monaco M, Clegg MS. Nutritional aspects of manganese from experimental studies. Neurotoxicology 1999;20:213-224.
• Dubick MA, Keen CL, DiSilvestro RA, Eskelson CD, Ireton J, Hunter GC. Antioxidant enzyme activity in human abdominal aortic aneurysmal and occlusive disease. The Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1999;220:39-45.
• Borchers AT, Kuhl SJ, Keen CL, Gershwin ME. Cytokines, Chemokines, and Their Cognate Receptors in Autoimmune Diseases. Seminars in Clinical Immunology 1999;2: 17-39.
• Tamura T, Hong KH, Mizuno Y, Johnston KE, Keen CL. Folate and homocysteine metabolism in copper-deficient rats. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta 1999;1427: 351-356.
• Mao T, Van de Water J, Keen CL, Stern JS, Hackman, R, Gershwin ME. Two mushrooms, Grifola Frondosa and Ganoderm Lucidum, can stimulate cytokine gene expression and proliferation in human T lymphocytes. International Journal of Immunotherapy 1999;15:13-22.
• Golub MS, Gershwin ME, Keen CL. Behavioral and hematological consequences of marginal iron-zinc nutrition in adolescent monkeys and the effect of a powdered beef supplement. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;70:1059-1068.
• Golub MS, Keen CL. Effects of dietary aluminum on pubertal mice. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 1999;21: 595-602.
• Lanoue L, Strong PL, Keen CL. Adverse effects of a low boron environment on the preimplantation development of mouse embryos in vitro. Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine 1999;12: 235-250.
• Keen CL, Ensunsa JL, Clegg MS. Manganese Metabolism in Animals and Humans Including the Toxicity of Manganese. In: Metal Ions in Biological Systems, Volume 37: Manganese and its role in biological processes (Sigel A, Sigel H, Editors). Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp 89-121, 1999.
• Kim SH, Keen CL. Influence of dietary carbohydrate on zinc deficiency induced changes in oxidative defense mechanisms and tissue oxidative damage in rats. Biological Trace Element Research 1999;70: 81-96.
• Kim SH, Keen CL. Patterns of vitamin/mineral supplement usage by adolescents attending athletic high schools in Korea. International Journal of Sports Nutrition 1999;9:391-405.
• Oteiza PI, Adonaylo VN, Keen CL. Cadmium-induced testes oxidative damage in rats can be influenced by dietary zinc intake. Toxicology 1999;137: 13-22.
• Berner L, Childs N, Geiger C, Keen C, King J, McDonald J, Miller S, Murphy S, Schmitz H, Shaw A, Tong P, Weaver C. Food Choices for the 21st Century. Journal of Nutraceuticals, Functional & Medical Foods 1999;1(4): 89-95.
• Van de Water J, Keen CL, Gershwin ME. The Influence of Chronic Yogurt Consumption on Immunity. Journal of Nutrition 1999;129: 1492S-1495S.
• Fort DJ, Propst TL, Stover EL, Strong PL, Murray FJ, Keen CL. Chronic feeding of a low boron diet adversely affects reproduction and development in Xenopus laevis. Journal of Nutrition 1999;129: 2055-2060.
• Mao TK, Powell JJ, Van de Water J, Keen CL, Schmitz HH, Gershwin ME. The influence of cocoa procyanidins on the transcription of interleukin-2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. International Journal of Immunotherapy 1999;15: 23-29.
• Rucker RB, Rucker BR, Mitchell AE, Cui CT, Clegg M, Kosonen T, Uriu-Adams JY, Tchaparian EH, Fishman M, Keen CL. Activation of Chick Tendon Lysyl Oxidase in Response to Dietary Copper. Journal of Nutrition 1999;129:2143-2146.
• Borchers AT, Stern JS, Hackman RM, Keen CL, Gershwin ME. Mushrooms, tumors and immunity. The Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1999;221: 281-293.
• Keen CL. Manganese. In: Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition (B Caballero, L Trugo, P Finglas, eds.). Academic Press Ltd., London, pp. 2863-2868, 1999.
• Golub MS, Keen CL, Commisso JF, Salocks CB, Hathaway TR. Arsenic tissue concentration of immature mice one hour after oral exposure to gold mine tailings. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 1999;21:199-209.
• Golub MS, Keen CL, and Gershwin ME. Moderate Zinc-Iron Deprivation Influences Behavior but Not Growth in Adolescent Rhesus Monkeys. The Journal of Nutrition 2000;130: 354S-357S.
• Golub MS, Han B, Keen CL. Aluminum uptake and effects on transferrin mediated iron uptake in primary cultures of rat neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Neurotoxicology 1999;20: 961-970.
• Rucker RB, Cui CT, Tchaparian EH, Mitchell AE, Clegg M, Uriu-Hare JY and Keen CL. Dietary vanadium, P-atpase-7A expression and the influence on lysyl oxidase and CU accumulation in rat skin and liver. Trace Elements in Man and Animals 2000 ;52:186-187
• Rucker RB, Cui CT, Tchaparian EH, Mitchell AE, Clegg M, Uriu-Hare JY, Rucker B, Stites T and Keen CL. Dietary copper, vanadate, lysyl oxidase activity, and lysine tyrosyl quinone formation. Trace Elements in Man and Animals 2000;291:929-932.
• Lanoue L, Murray FJ, Strong PL, and Keen CL. Adverse in vitro development of preimplantation mouse embryos exposed to low boron diet and low boron. Trace Elements in Man and Animals 2000;332:1083-1084.
• Uriu-Adams JY, Horwath BJ, Murray FJ, Downing G, Strong P, and Keen CL. The temporal effects of low dietary boron (B) on tissue B concentrations in rats. Trace Elements in Man and Animals 2000;333:1085-1086.
• Keen CL, Ensunsa JL, Clegg MS. Manganese metabolism in animals and humans including the toxicity of manganese. Metal Ions in Biological Systems 2000;37: 89-121.
• Bearden MM, Pearson DA, Rein D, Chevaux KA, Carpenter DR, Keen CL. Potential Cardiovascular Health Benefits of Procyanidins Present in Chocolate and Cocoa. In: Parliament TH, Ho C-T, Schieberle P (eds.). Caffeinated Beverage Health Benefits, Physiological Effects, and Chemistry. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society 177-187. 2000.
• Hong KH, Keen CL, Mizuno Y, Johnston KE, Tamura T. Effects of dietary zinc deficiency on homocysteine and folate metabolism in rats. Journal of Nutrition and Biochemistry 2000;11: 165-169.
• Tchaparian EH, Uriu-Adams JY, Keen CL, Mitchell AE and Rucker RB. Lysyl oxidase and P-ATPase-7A expression during embryonic development in the rat. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2000;379: 71-77.
• Mao TK, Powell JJ, Van de Water J, Keen CL, Schmitz HH, Hammerstone JF, Gershwin ME. The effect of cocoa procyanidins on the transcription and secretion of interleukin-1β in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Life Sciences 2000;66: 1377-1386.
• Rein D, Paglieroni TG, Wun T, Pearson DA, Schmitz HH, Gosselin R, and Keen CL. Cocoa inhibits platelet activation and function. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000;72:30-5.
• Gershwin ME, Borchers AT, and Keen CL. Phenotypic and Functional Considerations in the Evaluation of Immunity in Nutritionally Compromised Hosts. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000;182: S108-S114.
• Oteiza PI, Clegg MS, Zago MP and Keen CL. Zinc deficiency induces oxidative stress and AP-1 activation in 3T3 cells. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 2000;28: 1091-1099.
• Rein D, Paglieroni TG, Pearson DA, Wun T, Schmitz HH, Gosselin R, and Keen CL. Cocoa and wine polyphenols modulate platelet activation and function. The Journal of Nutrition 2000;130: 2120S-2126S.
• Rein D, Lotito S, Holt RR, Keen CL, Schmitz HH, and Fraga CG. Epicatechin in human plasma: in vivo determination and effect of chocolate consumption on plasma oxidation status. The Journal of Nutrition 2000;130: 2109S-2114S.
• Wang JF, Schramm DD, Holt RR, Ensunsa JL, Fraga CG, Schmitz HH, and Keen CL. A Dose-dependent effect from chocolate consumption on plasma epicatechin and oxidative damage. The Journal of Nutrition 2000;130: 2114S-2119S.
• Mao T, Van de Water J, Keen CL, Schmitz HH, and Gershwin ME. Cocoa procyanidins and human cytokine transcription and secretion. The Journal of Nutrition 2000;130: 2100S-2104S.
• Golub MS, Keen CL, and Gershwin ME. Moderate zinc-iron deprivation influences behavior but not growth in adolescent rhesus monkeys. The Journal of Nutrition 2000;130: 354S-357S.
• Borchers AT, Keen CL, Stern JS, and Gershwin ME. Inflammation and Native American Medicine: The role of botanicals. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000;72: 339-347.
• Hirschi KK and Keen CL. Nutrition in embryonic and fetal development. Nutrition 2000;16: 495-499.
• Kwik-Uribe CL, Golub MS, and Keen CL. Chronic marginal iron intakes during early development in mice alter brain iron concentrations and behavior despite postnatal iron supplementation. The Journal of Nutrition 2000;130: 2040-2048.
• Jankowski-Hennig MA, Clegg MS, Daston GP, Rogers JM, and Keen CL. Zinc deficient rat embryos have increased caspase 3-like activity and apoptosis. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2000;271: 250-256.
• Borchers AT, Keen CL, Hannum S, and Gershwin ME. Cocoa and Chocolate: Composition, bioavailability, and health implications. Journal of Medicinal Food 2000;3: 77-105.
• Borchers AT, Sakai S, Henderson GL, Harkey MR, Keen CL, Stern JS, Terasawa K, and Gershwin ME. Shosaiko-To and Other Kampo (Japanese Herbal) Medicines: A review of their immunomodulatory activities. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2000;73: 1-13.
• Gospe SM, Caruso RD, Clegg MS, Keen CL, Pimstone NR, Ducore JM, Gettner SS, and Kreutzer RA. Paraparesis, hypermanganesemia and polycythemia: a novel presentation of cirrhosis. Archives Of Disease in Childhood 2000;83:439-442.
• Golub MS, Germann SL, Han B, Keen CL. Lifelong Feeding of a High Aluminum Diet to Mice. Toxicology 2000;150: 107-117.
• Mao TK, Powell JJ, Van de Water J, Keen CL, Schmitz HH, and Gershwin ME. The Effect of Cocoa Procyanidins on the Secretion of Interleukin-4 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Journal of Medicinal Food 2000;3: 107-114.
• Borchers AT, Keen CL, Shoenfeld Y, and Gershwin ME. How to Outfox Mother Nature: Autoimmunity: Moving from Shadows to Sunshine. Israel Medical Association Journal 2000;2:15-22.
• Keen CL and Osburn B. We are what we eat: Ensuring safe and healthy food in the 21st century. [editorial overview]. California Agriculture 2000;54:4-7.
• Keen CL and Zidenberg-Cherr SA. What are the best strategies for achieving optimal nutrition? California Agriculture 2000;54:12-18.
• Zidenberg-Cherr S, Neyman M, Fechner K, Sutherlin J, Johns M, Lamp C, Garrett C, and Keen CL. Nutrition may influence toxicant susceptibility children elderly. California Agriculture 2000;54:19-25
• Borchers AT, Keen CL, Stern JS, and Gershwin ME. Nutraceuticals: Separating chaff from grain. California Agriculture 2000;54:26-32.
• Lotito SB, Actis-Goretta L, Renart ML, Caligiuri M, Rein D, Schmitz HH, Steinberg FM, Keen CL, and Fraga CG. Influence of oligomer chain length on the antioxidant activity of procyanidins. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2000;276: 945-951.
• Lomer MCE, Thompson RPH, Commisso J, Keen CL and Powell JJ. Determination of titanium dioxide in foods using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Analyst 2000;125:2339-2343.
• Burke KE, Clive J, Combs GF, Commisso J, Keen CL, Nakamura RM. The effects of topical and oral vitamin E on pigmentation and skin cancer induced by ultraviolet irradiation in Skh:2 hairless mice. Nutrition and Cancer 2000;38:87-97.
• Pearson DA, Schmitz HH, Lazarus SA, Keen CL. Inhibition of in vitro low-density lipoprotein oxidation by oligomeric procyanidins present in chocolate and cocoa. Methods of Enzymology 2001;335:350-361
• 448. 2001 Schramm DD, Wang JF, Holt RR, Ensunsa JL, Gonsalves JL, Lazarus SA, Schmitz HH, and Keen CL. Chocolate procyanidins decrease the leukotriene-prostacyclin ratio in humans and human aortic endothelial cells. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73:36-40.
• Oteiza, PI, Clegg MS, Keen CL. Short-term zinc deficiency affects NF-KB nuclear binding activity in rat testes. Journal of Nutrition 2001;131:21-26.
• Keen CL. Chocolate: food as medicine/medicine as food. Journal of American College Nutrition. 2001;(5 Suppl):436S-439S; discussion 440S-442S.
• Tanaka A, Borchers AT, Ishibashi H, Ansari AA, Keen CL and Gershwin ME. Genetic and familial considerations of primary biliary cirrhosis. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2001;96:8-15.
• Uriu-Adams JY, Reece CK, Nguyen LK, Horvath BJ, Nair R, Barter RA and Keen CL. Effect of butyl benzyl phthalate on reproduction and zinc metabolism. Journal of Toxicology 2001;159:55-68.
• Satre MA, Jessen KA, Clegg MS and Keen CL. Retinol-binding protein expression is induced in HEPG2 cells by zinc deficiency. FEBS Letters 2001;491:266-71.
• Fraga CG, Hammerstone JF, Lazarus SA, Schmitz H and Keen CL. More antioxidants in cocoa. Journal of Nutrition 2001;131:835.
• Tamura T, Olin KL, Goldenberg RL, Johnston KE, DuBard MB, and Keen CL. Plasma extracellular superoxide dismutase activity in healthy pregnant women is not influenced by zinc supplementation. Biological Trace Element Research 2001;80:1-7.
• Duffy JY, Miller CM, Rutschiling GL, Ridder GM, Clegg MS, Keen CL and Daston GP. A decrease in intracellular zinc level precedes the detection of early indicators of apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Apoptosis 2001;6:161-172
• Kim SH, Han JH, Ed M. and Keen CL. Vitamin and mineral supplement use by healthy teenagers in Korea: Motivating factors and dietary consequences. Nutrition 2001;17:373-380.
• Mao TK, Van de Water J, Keen CL, Osburn BO, Silva JS Jr., and Gershwin ME. Effects of a Combination of Traditional Chinese Botanicals (Immune+) on the Secretion of Interleukin-1b and Interferon-g by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Journal of Medicinal Food 2001;4:1-8.
• Dressendorfer RH, Petersen SR, Moss Lovshin SE, and Keen CL. Mineral Metabolism in Male Cyclists During High-Intensity Endurance Training. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 2002;12:63-72.
• Kris-Etherton PM and Keen CL. Evidence that the Antioxidant Flavonoids in Tea and Cocoa are Beneficial for Cardiovascular Health. Current Opinion in Lipidology 2002;13:41-49.
• Zhu QY, Holt RR, Lazarus SA, Ensuna JL, Hammerstone JF, Schmitz HH and Keen CL. Stability of the Flavan-3-ols Epicatechin and Catechin and Related Dimeric Procyanidins Derived from Cocoa. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2002;50:6:1700-1705.
• Corlett JL, Clegg MS, Keen CL, and Grivetti LE. Mineral Content of Culinary and Medicinal Plants Cultivated by Hmong Refugees Living in Sacramento, California. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 2002;53:117-128.
• Holt RR, Schramm DD, Keen CL, Lazarus SA, and Schmitz HH. Flavonoid-Rich Chocolate and Platelet Function. Journal of the American Medical Association 2002;287:2212-3.
• Zhu QY, Holt RR, Lazarus SA, Orozco TJ, and Keen CL. Inhibitory Effects of Cocoa Flavonols and Procyanidin Oligomers on Free Radical-Induced Erythrocyte Hemolysis. Experimental Biology and Medicine 2002;227:321-329.
• Kim SH and Keen CL. Vitamin and mineral supplement use among children attending elementary schools in Korea: A survey of eating habits and dietary consequences. Nutrition Research 2002;22:433-448.
• Borchers AT, Keen CL, and Gershwin ME. The Influence of Yogurt/Lactobacillus on the Innate and Acquired Immune Response. Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology 2002;22:207-230.
• Golub MS, Zhang W, Keen CL, and Goldkorn T. Cellular Action of A1 at Low (1.25 mM) Concentrations in Primary Oligodendrocyte Culture. Brain Research 2002;94:82-90.
• Mao, T.K., Van de Water, J., Keen, C.L., Schmitz, H.H. and Gershwin, M.E. The effect of cocoa flavanols and their related oligomers on the secretion of interleukin-5 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Journal of Medicinal Foods 2002;5:17-22.
• Hannum, S.M., Schmitz, H.H. and Keen, C.L. Chocolate: a heart-healthy food? show me the science! Nutrition Today 2002;37:3:103-109.
• Holt, R.R., Lazarus, S.A., Sullards, M.C., Zhu, Q.Y., Schramm, D.D., Hammerstone, J.F., Fraga, C.G., Schmitz, H.H. and Keen, C.L. Procyanidin dimer B2 (The epicatechin-(4b-8)-epicatechin) in human plasma after the consumption of a flavonol-rich cocoa. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;76:798-804.
• Mackenzie, G.G., Zago, M.P., Keen, C.L. and Oteiza, P.I. Low intracellular zinc impairs the translocation of activated NF-?B to the nuclei in human neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2002;277:34610-34617.
• Pearson, D.A., Paglieroni, T.G., Rein, D., Wun, T., Schramm, D.D., Wang, J.F.,Holt, R.R., Gosselin, R., Schmitz, H.H. and Keen, C.L. The effects of flavoanol-rich cocoa and aspirin on ex vivo platelet function. Thrombosis Research 2002;106:191-197.
• Borchers, A.T., Keen, C.L. and Gershwin, M.E. Microgravity and immune responsiveness: implications for space travel. Nutrition 2002;18:889-898
• Mackenzie GG, Keen CL and Oteiza PI. Zinc status of human IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells influences their susceptibility to iron-induced oxidative stress. Developmental Neuroscience 2002;24:125-133.
• Zhu QY, Hackman RM, Ensunsa JL, Holt RR, and Keen CL. Antioxidant activities of oolong tea. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2002;50:6929-6934.
• Pearson DA, Paglieroni TG, Rein D, Wun T, Schramm DD, Wang JF, Holt RR, Gosselin R, Schmitz HH and Keen CL. The effects of flavanol-rich cocoa and aspirin on ex vivo platelet function. Thrombosis Research 2002;106:191-197
• Ottaviani JI, Carrasquedo F, Keen CL, Lazarus SA, Schmitz HH, and Fraga CG. Influence of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins on UVC mediated formation of 8-Oxo-7, 8-dehydro-2’-deoxyguanosine in isolated DNA. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2002;406:203-208.
• Steinberg FM, Holt RR, Schmitz HH, and Keen CL. Cocoa procyanidin chain length does not determine ability to protect LDL from oxidation when monomer units are controlled. The Journal of Nutrition Biochemistry 2002;13:645-652.
• Borchers AT, Keen CL, Shoenfeld Y, Silva JS, and Gershwin ME. Vaccines, viruses, and voodoo. Journal of Investigative Allergology and Clinical Immunology 2002;12:155-168.
• Keen CL, Holt RR, Polagruto JA, Wang JF, and Schmitz HH. Cocoa flavanols and cardiovascular health. Phytochemical Reviews 2002;1:231-240.
• Mao TK, Van De Water J, Keen CL, Schmitz HH, and Gershwin ME. Modulation of TNF-alpha secretion in peripheral blood monocular cells by cocoa flavanols and procyanidins. Developmental Immunology 2002;9:135-41
• Verstraeten SV, Keen CL, Schmitz HH, Fraga CG, and Oteiza PI. Flavan-3-ols and procyanidins protect liposomes against lipid oxidation and disruption of the bilayer structure. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2003;34:84-92.
• Mao TK, Van De Water J, Keen CL, Schmitz HH, and Gershwin ME. Cocoa. flavanols and procyanidins promote TGF –$1 homeostasis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Experimental Biology and Medicine 2003;228: 93-99.
• Zhu QY, Hammerstone JF, Lazarus SA, Schmitz HH, and Keen CL. Stabilizing effect of ascorbic acid on flavan-3-ols and dimeric procyanidins from cocoa. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52003;1: 828-833.
• Steinberg FM, Bearden MM, and Keen CL. Cocoa and chocolate flavonoids: Implications for cardiovascular health. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2003;103:215-223.
• Kim SH, Kim, JS, Shin, HS and Keen CL. Influence of smoking on markers of oxidative stress and serum mineral concentrations in teenage girls in Korea. Nutrition 2003;19:240-243.
• Schramm DD, Karim M, Schrader HR, Holt RR, Cardetti M, and Keen CL. Honey with high levels of antioxidants can provide protection to healthy human subjects. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2003;12:1732-1735.
• Hawk SN, Lanoue L, Keen CL, Kwik-Uribe CL, Rucker RB, and Uriu-Adams JY.Copper deficient rat embryos are characterized by low superoxide dismutase activity and elevated superoxide anions. Biology of Reproduction 2003;68:896-903.
• Orozco TJ, Wang JF, and Keen CL. Chronic consumption of a flavanol and procyanindin-rich diet is associated with reduced levels of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine in rat testes. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 2003;14:104-110.
• Golub MS, Germann SL,and Keen CL. Developmental aluminum toxicity in mice can be modulated by low concentrations of minerals (Fe, Zn, P, Ca, Mg) in the diet. Biological Trace Element Research 2003;93: 213-226.
• Keen CL, Clegg MS, Hanna LA, Lanoue L, Rogers JM, Daston GP, Oteiza P, and Uriu-Adams JY. The plausibility of micronutrient deficiencies being a significant contributing factor to the occurrence of pregnancy complications. The Journal of Nutrition 2003;133:1597S-1605S.
• Schramm DD, Karim M, Polagruto JA, Schrader HR, Holt RR, Kirkpatrick NJ, Ensunsa JL, Schmitz HH, and Keen CL. Food effects on the absorption and pharmacokinetics of cocoa flavanols. Life Sciences 2003;73: 857-869.
• Leazer TM, Daston GP, Keen CL, and Rogers JM. The embryolethality of lipopolysaccharide in CD-1 and metallothionein I-II null mice: lack of a role for induced zinc deficiency or metallothionein induction. Toxicological Sciences 2003;73: 442-447.
• Borchers A, Naguwa S, Keen C, and Gershwin M. Immunopathogenesis of sjogren’s syndrome.Clinical Review in Allergy and Immunology 2003;25:89-104.
• Kim SH, Han JH, Zhu QY, and Keen CL. Use of vitamins, minerals, and other dietary supplements by 17- and 18-year-old students in Korea. Journal of Medicinal Foods 2003;6:27-42.
• Keen CL, Jue T, Tran CD, Vogel J, Downing RG, Iyengar V, and Rucker RB. Analytical methods: improvements, advancements and new horizons. The Journal of Nutrition 2003;133:1574S-1578S
• Keen CL, Hanna LA, Lanoue L, Uriu-Adams J, Rucker RB, and Clegg MS. Developmental consequences of trace mineral deficiencies in rodents: Acute and long-term effects. The Journal of Nutrition 2003;133:1477S-1480S
• Hanna LA, Clegg MS, Momma TY, Daston GP, Rogers JM, and Keen CL. Zinc influences the in vitro development of peri-implantation mouse embryo. Birth defects research part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology 2003;67:414-420.
• Fraga CG and Keen CL. Flavanols and procyanidins as modulators of oxidation in vitro and in vivo. In: Free Radicals, Nitric Oxide and Inflammation: Molecular, Biochemical and Clinical Aspects. NATO-ASI Series IOS Press 2003;344:24-33.
• Keen CL, Holt RR, Carrasquedo F, Gershwin ME, Mao TK, and Schmitz HH. Flavanol-rich foods and cardiovascular health. In: Frontiers in Cardiovascular Health (N.S. Dhalla, A Chockalingam, H.I. Berkowitz, P.K. Singal eds) 209-226. 2003.
• Borchers AT, So C, Naguwa SM, Keen Cl, and Gershwin ME. Clinical and immunologic components of sarcodoisis. Clinical Review in Allergy 2003;25: 289-394.
• Tomkins A, Davies C, Goldenberg R, Jackson A, Keen C, King J and Nestel P. Nutrition as a preventative strategy against adverse maternal pregnancy outcomes – a USAID/Wellcome Trust Workshop at Merton College, Oxford, UK, 18-19 July 2002 (commentary). Public Health Nutrition 2003;6:629-630.
• Borchers AT, Keen CL and Gershwin ME. Use and misuse of corticosteroids. Comprehensive Therapy 2003;29:157-165.
• Actis-Goretta L, Ottaviani JI, Keen CL and Fraga CG. Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity by flavan-3-ols and procyanidins. FEBS Letters 555:597-600. 2003.
• Schroeter H, Holt RR, Orozco TJ, Schmitz HH and Keen CL. Milk and absorption of dietary flavanols. Nature 2003;426: 787-788.
• Wang JF, Lazarus SA, Schmitz HH and Keen CL. The role of flavonols and their related oligomers in cardiovascular health. In: Shahidi F., Weerasinghe DK, (eds). Nutraceutical Beverages, Chemistry, Nutrition, and Health Effects. ACS Symposium Series 2004;871:237-253.
• Polagruto JA, Schramm DD, Wang-Polagruto JF, Lee L, and Keen CL. Effects of flavonoid-rich beverages on prostacyclin synthesis in humans and human aortic endothelial cells: association with ex vivo platelet function. Journal of Medicinal Foods 2004;6:301-308.
• Keen CL, Hanna LA, Yang SJ, Lanoue L, Uriu-Adams JY, Rucker RB, Andersen H, and McArdle H. Developmental toxicology of copper deficiency and excess. In: Lagos GE, Warner AEM, and Sanchezs M, (eds). Copper, Environment and Sustainable Development. Vol.2 Met Soc Publications. Montreal, Canada 401-414, 2004.
• Verstraeten SV, Zago MP, Mackenzie GG, Keen CL, and Oteiza PI. Influence of zinc deficiency on cell membrane fluidity in Jurkat 3T3, and IMR-32 cells. Biochemical Journal 2004;378:579-587.
• Uriu-Adams JY, Keen CL. The influence of maternal nutrition on phthalate teratogenicity. In: Wypych, G (eds). Handbook of Plasticizers. ChemTech Publishing, Ontario, Canada 545-556, 2004.
• Mackenzie GG, Carrasquedo F, Delfino JM, Keen CL, Fraga CG, and Oteiza PI. Epicatechin, catechin and dimeric procyanidins inhibit PMA-induced NF-?B activation at multiple steps in Jurkat T cells. FASEB Journal 2004;18:167-169.
• Kenny TP, Keen CL, Jones P, Kung HJ, Schmitz HH, and Gershwin ME. Pentameric procyanidins isolated from Theobroma cacao seeds selectivity down-regulate ErbB2 in human aortic endothelial cells. Experimental Biology and Medicine 2004;229:255-263.
• Borchers AT, Mao TK, Keen CL, Schmitz HH, and Watanabe H. Traditional Asian medicine and oral health. Journal of Traditional Medicine 2004;21:17-26.
• Borchers AT, Keen CL, and Gershwin ME. Mushrooms, tumors and immunity: An update: Experimental Biology and Medicine 2004;229:393-406.
• Duffy JY, Overmann GJ, Keen CL, Clegg MS, and Daston GP. Cardiac Abnormalities induced by zinc deficiency are associated with alterations in the expression of genes regulated by the zinc-finger transcription factor GATA-4. Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology 2004;71:102-109.
• Kim SH, Ensunsa JL, Zhu QY, Kim JS, Shin HS, and Keen CL. An eighteen- month follow-up study on the influence of smoking on blood antioxidant status of teenage girls in comparison to male adult smokers in Korea. Nutrition 2004;20:437-444.
• Turnlund JR, Jacob RA, Keen CL, Strain JJ, Kelley DS, Domek JM, Keyes WR, Ensunsa JL, Lykkesfeldt J, and Coulter J. Long-term high copper intake: effects on indices of copper status, antioxidant status, and immune function in young men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004;79:1037-1044.
• Kris-Etherton PM, LeFevre M, Beecher GR, Gross MD, Keen CL, Etherton TD. Bioactive compounds in nutrition and health research methodologies for establishing biological function: The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids on atherosclerosis. Annual Reviews of Nutrition 2004;24:511-538.
• Keen CL, Uriu-Adams JY, Ensuna JL, and Gershwin ME. Trace elements/minerals and immunity. In: Handbook of Nutrition and Immunity. (ME Gershwin; P. Nestle; CL Keen; editors). Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, 2004, 117-140.
• Borchers AT, Keen CL, and Gershwin ME. Probiotics and prebiotics. In: Handbook of Nutrition and Immunity. (ME Gershwin; P. Nestle; CL Keen; editors). Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, 2004, 213-242.
• Cui CT, Uriu-Adams JY, Tchaparian EH, Keen CL, and Rucker RB. Metavanadate causes cellular accumulation of copper and decreased lysyl oxidase activity. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2004;199:35-43.
• Kenny TP, Jones P, Kung H-J, Schmitz HH and Keen CL. Cocoa procyanidins inhibit proliferation and angiogenic signals in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells following stimulation by low level H2O2. Experimental Biology and Medicine 2004;229:255-263.
• Borchers AT, Keen CL, Cheema GS, and Gershwin ME. The use of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatology 2004;34:465-483.
• Oberbauer AM, Stiglich C, Murray JD, Keen CL, Fong DL, Smith LB, and Cushwa S. Dissociation of body growth and adipose deposition effects of growth hormone in oMtla-oGh Transgenic mice. Growth Development and Aging 2004;68:33-45.
• Borchers AT, Keen CL, Shoenfeld Y, and Gershwin ME. Surviving the butterfly and the wolf: Mortality trends in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity Reviews 2004;3:423-453.
• Chou SS, Clegg MS, Momma TY, Niles BJ, Duffy JY, Daston GP, and Keen CL. Alterations in protein kinase C activity and processing during zinc deficiency-induced cell death. Biochemical Journal 2004;383:63-71.
• EnsunsaJL, Symons DJ, Lanoue L, Schrader HR, and Keen CL. Reducing arginase activity via dietarymanganese deficiency enhances endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of rataorta. Experimental Biology andMedicine. 2004;229:1143-1153.
• BorchersAT, Naguwa SM, Keen CL and Gershwin, ME. The diagnosis and managementof anaphylaxis. Comprehensive Therapy. 2004;30:111-120.
• BorchersAT, Keen CL and Gershwin, ME. Fatalities following allergenimmunotherapy. Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology. 2004;27:147-158.
• KeenCL, Holt RH, Oteiza PI, Fraga CG and Schmitz HH. Cocoa antioxidants andcardiovascular health. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 81:2985-3035, 2005
• FragaCG, Actis-Goretta L, Ottaviani JI, Carrasquedo F, Lotito SB, Lazarus S, SchmitzHH and Keen CL. Regular consumption of a flavanol rich chocolate can improveoxidant stress in young soccer players. Clinical and Developmental Immunology. 12:11-17, 2005.
• ZhuQY, Schramm DD, Gross HB, Holt RH, Kim SH, Yamaguchi T, Kwik-uribe CL, and KeenCl. Influence of cocoa flavanols and procyanidins of free-radical-induced humanenytrocyte hemolysis. Clinical and Developmental Immunology. 12:27-34, 2005.
• PearsonDA, Holt RR, Rein D, Paglieroni, T. Schmitz, HH and Keen, CL. Flavanols and platelet reactivity. Clinical and Developmental Immunology. 12:1-9, 2005.
• OteizaPI, Erlejman AG, Verstraeten SV, Keen CL, and Fraga CG. Flavonoid-membrane interactions: A protectiverole of flavonoids at the membrane surface?Clinical and Developmental Immunology. 12:19-25, 2005.
• KimSH, Kim JY, Ed M, and Keen CL. Comparison of dietary patterns and nutrientintakes of elementary schoolchildren living in remote rural and urban areas in Korea:their potential impact on school performance. Nutrition Research. 25:349-363, 2005.
• BorchersAT, Keen CL, and Gershwin ME. Hope forthe hygiene hypothesis: When the dirthits the fan. Journal of Asthma. 42:225-247, 2005.
• Uriu-AdamsJY, Rucker RB, Commisso JF, and Keen CL.Diabetes and dietary copper alter 67 Cu metabolism and oxidant defensein the rat. Journal of NutritionalBiochemistry, 16:312-320, 2005.
• VerstraetenSV, Lanoue L, Keen CL, and Oteiza PI.Relevance of lipid polar headgroups on boron-mediated changes inmembrane physical properties. Archivesof Biochemistry and Biophysics, 438:103-110, 2005.
• Borchers AT, Keen CL, andGershwin ME. Immunity. PhysiologicalAspects In: Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition, 2nd Edition (Caballero,B, Allen L and Prentice A, eds) Elsevier Ltd, Kidlington, Oxford, UK, Vol3:1-6, 2005.
• Keen CL, Ensunsa JL,Lonnerdal B, and Zidenberg-Cherr S.Manganese: Physiology, dietary sources and requirements. In: Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition, 2ndEdition (Caballero, B, Allen L and Prentice A, eds) Elsevier Ltd, Kidlington,Oxford, UK, Vol 1:217-225, 2005.
• Verstraeten SV, HammerstoneJF, Keen CL, Fraga CG, and Oteiza PI.Antioxidant and membrane effects of procyanidin dimers and trimersisolated from peanut and cocoa. Journalof Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53:5041-5048, 2005.
• Rogers JM, Chernoff N, Keen CL, and Daston GP. Evaluation and interpretation of maternaltoxicity in Segment II studies: Issues, some answers, and data needs. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 207:5367-5374, 2005.
• Borchers AT, Aoki CA,Naguwa SM, Keen CL, Shoenfeld Y, and Gershwin ME. Neuropsychiatric features of systemic lupuserythematosus. Autoimmunity Reviews, 4:329-344, 2005.
• Aoki CA, Borchers AT, Ridgway WM, Keen CL, Ansari AA, and Gershwin ME. NOD mice and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity Reviews, 4:373-379, 2005.
• Fraga CG, Oteiza PI and KeenCL. Trace elements and human health.(editorial) Molecular Aspectsof Medicine, 26: 233-234, 2005.
• Uriu-AdamsJY, and Keen CL. Copper, oxidativestress and human health. MolecularAspects of Medicine, 26: 268-298, 2005.
• ZagoMP, Mackenzie GG, Adamo AM, Keen CL, and Oteiza PI. Differential Modulation of MAP Kinases byZinc Deficiency in IMR Cells: Role of H2O2. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 7: 1773-1782, 2005.
• CleggMS, Hanna LA, NilesBJ, Momma TY, and Keen CL. Zincdeficiency-induced cell death. IUBMBLIFE. 57: 661 – 669, 2005.
• MackenzieGG, Zago MP, Erlejman AG, Aimo L, Keen CL, and Oteiza PI. α-lipoic acid and N-acetyl cysteine preventzinc deficiency-induced activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 transcription factorsin human neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells.Free Radical Research. 40: 75-84, 2006.
• Beckers-TrappME, Lanoue L, Keen CL, Rucker RB, Uriu-Adams JY. Abnormal development and increased3-nitrotyrosine in Cu deficient mouse embryos.Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 40: 35-44, 2006.
• SchroeterH, Heiss C, Balzer J, Kleinbongard P, Keen CL, Hollenberg NK, Sies H,Kwik-Uribe K, Schmitz HH, and Kelm M.Epicatechin mediates beneficial effects of flavanol-rich cocoa onvascular function in humans. Proceedingsof the National Academy of Sciences. USA. 103: 1024-1029, 2006.
• HackmanRM, Havel PJ, Schwartz HJ, Rutledge JC, Watnik MR, Noceti EM, Stohs SJ, SternJS, Keen, CL. Multinutrient supplementcontaining ephedra and caffeine causes weight loss and improves metabolic riskfactors in obese women: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obesity. pp: 1-12, 2006.
• Borchers A, Keen CL, GershwinME. Complementary/alternative therapiesin asthma. In: Current ClinicalPractice: Bronchial Asthma: A Guide for Practical Understanding and Treatment.(ME Gershwin, TE Albertson, editors)Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, 5thedition: pp 181-199, 2006.
• Borchers A,Keen CL, Gershwin ME.Complementary/alternative therapies in asthma. In: Current Clinical Practice: Bronchial Asthma: A Guide for Practical Understanding and Treatment. (ME Gershwin, TEAlbertson, editors) Humana Press, Totowa, NewJersey, 5^th edition 10:1545-56, 2006.
• Ottaviani JI, Keen CL, Fraga CG. Chocolate and health:on the vascular effects of flavanols in cocoa. Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech 17:9-12, 2006.
• BorchersAT, Chang C, Keen CL, Gershwin ME.Airborne Environmental Injuries and Human Health. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology31:1-101, 2006.
• Borchers AT, Selmi C, Cheema G, Keen CL, Shoenfeld Y,Gershwin ME. Juvenile idiopathicarthritis. Autoimmunity Reviews 5:279-298,2006.
• Davis PA,Polagruto JA, Valacchi G, Phung A, Soucck K, Keen CL, Gershwin ME. Effects of appleextracts on NF-ĸB activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Experimental Biology and Medicine 231:594-598,2006.
• Selmi C,Mao TK, Keen CL, Schmitz HH, Gershwin ME.The anti-inflammatory properties of cocoa flavanols. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 47:S163-S171,2006.
• Wang-PolagrutoJF, Villablanca AC, Polagruto JA, Lee L, Holt, RR, Schrader HR, Ensunsa JL, SteinbergFM, Schmitz HH, and Keen CL. Chronicconsumption of flavanol-rich cocoa improves endothelial function and decreasesvascular cell adhesion molecule in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausalwomen. Journal of CardiovascularPharmacology 47:S177-S186, 2006.
• HoltRR, Actis-Goretta L, Momma TY, Keen CL. Dietary flavanols and platelet reactivity.Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 47:S187-S196, 2006.
• Keen CL,Uriu-Adams JY. Assessment of zinc,copper and magnesium status: Current approaches and promising newdirections. In: Mineral Requirements forMilitary Personnel. The NationalAcedemies Press. Washington DC,pp 304-315, 2006.
• Jones LC,McCarthy KA, Beard JL, Keen CL, Jones BC. Quantitative genetic analysis of brain copperand zinc in BXD recombinant inbred mice. Nutritional Neuroscience 9:81-92,2006.
• Ellis-Hutchings RG,Cherr GN, Hanna LA, Keen CL. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)-induced alternationsin vitamin A and thyroid hormone concentrations in the rat during lactation andearly postnatal development. Toxicology Applied Pharmacology 215:135-145, 2006.
• Mackenzie GG, Keen CL, OteizaPI. Microtubules are required for NF-ĸBnuclear translocation in neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells: modulation by zinc. Journal of Neurochemistry 99:402-415, 2006.
• Yang SF, Uriu-Adams JY, Keen CL, Rucker RB,Lanoue L. Effects of copper deficiencyon mouse yolk sac vasculature and expression of angiogenic mediators. Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmentaland Reproductive Toxicology 77:445-454, 2006.
• Polagruto JA, Wang-Polagruto JF, Braun MM, Lee L, Kwik-UribeC, Keen CL. Cocoa flavanol-enrichedsnack bars containing phytosterols effectively lower total and LDL cholesterol.Journal of American Dietetic Association 106:1804-1813, 2006.
• Stern BR, Solioz M,Krewski D, Aggett P, Aw TC, Baker S, Crump K, Dourson M, Haber L, Hertzberg R,Keen CL, Meek B, Rudenko L, Schoeny R, Slout W, Starr T. Copper and human health: Biochemistry, genetics and strategies formodeling dose-response relationships. Journalof Toxicology Environmental Health Behavior B. Critical Review 10:157-222,2006.
• Kenny TP, Keen CL,Schmitz HH, Gershwin ME. Immune affectsof cocoa procyanidin oligomers on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Experimental Biology and Medicine 232:293-300,2007.
• Mansour M, Cheema GS,Naguwa SM, Greenspan A, Borchers AT, Keen CL, Gershwin ME. Ankylosingspondylitis: A contemporary perspective on diagnosis and treatment. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism36:210-223, 2007.
• Borchers AT, Hagie F,Keen CL, Gershwin ME. The history and contemporary challenges of the US food anddrug administration. Clinical Therapeutics 29:1-16, 2007.
• Erdman JW, Balentine D,Arab L, Beecher G, Dwyer JT, Folts J, Harnly J, Hollman P, Keen CL, Mazza G,Messina M, Scalbert A, Vita J, Williamson G, and Burrowes J. Flavonoids andHeart Health: Proceedings of the ILSI North America Flavonoids Workshop May 31– June 1, 2005, Washington, DC. The Journal of Nutrition 137:718S-737S, 2007.
• Hackman RM, Havel PJ, Schwartz HJ, Rutledge JC, Stohs SJ,Stern JS and Keen CL. Response to Dr. Inchiosa (Letter to the Editor). InternationalJournal of Obesity 31:1482-1483, 2007.
• Borchers AT, Keen CL, Gershwin ME. Drug-Induced Lupus. Ann.N.Y. Academyof Sciences New York Academyof Sciences 1108:166-182, 2007.
• Danzeisen R, Araya M, Harrison B, Keen CL, Solioz M, ThieleD, McArdle HJ. How reliable and robustare current biomarkers for copper status?British Journal of Nutrition 98:676-683, 2007.
• Hackman RM, Polagruto JA, Zhu QV, Sun B, Fujii H, Keen CL.Flavanols: digestion, absorption and bioactivity. Phytochemistry Reviews 7:195-208,2007.
• Yang SJ, Keen CL, Lanoue L, Rucker RB, Uriu-Adams J. Low nitric oxide: a key factor underlying copper deficiencyteratogenicity. Free Radical Biology& Medicine43:1639-1648, 2007.
• Seimi MN, Furlan R, Keen CL, GershwinME. Inflammation and oxidative stress inobstructive sleep apnea syndrome. ExperimentalBiology and Medicine 232:1409-1413, 2007.
• Selmi C, Bowlus CL, Keen CL, Gershwin ME. Non alcoholic fatty liver disease: the new epidemicand the need for novel nutritional approaches.Journal of Medicinal Food 10:563-565, 2007.
• Shenoy SF, Keen CL, Kalgaonkar S, Polagruto JA. Effects of grape seed extract consumption onplatelet function in postmenopausal women.Thrombosis Research121:431-432,2007.
• Chang C, Keen CL, Gershwin ME. Treatment of eczema. Clinical Review in Allergy and Immunology33:204-225, 2007.
• PolagrutoJA, Gross, HB, Kamanger, F, Kosuna, K, Sun, B, Fujii, H, Keen CL, Hackman RM.Plateletreactivity in male smokers following the acute consumption of a flavanol-richgrapeseed extract. Journal of MedicinalFood10:725-730, 2007.
• Niles BJ, Clegg MS, Hanna LA, Chou SS,Momma TY, Hong H, Keen CL. Zincdeficiency-induced iron accumulation: Aconsequence of alterations in iron regulatory protein binding activity, irontransporters, and iron storage proteins.Journal of Biological Chemistry. In Press
• Lopez V,Keen CL, Lanoue L. Prenatal zincdeficiency: influence on heart morphology and distribution of key heartproteins in a rat model. BiologicalTrace Element Research. In Press
• Krishnamurthy A, Keen CL, Meyers FJ, Gershwin ME. The immunobiology of mushrooms. Experimental Biology and Medicine. InPress
• Gu YS, Kong J,Cheema GS, Keen CL, Wick G, Gershwin ME. The immunobiologyof systemic sclerosis. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. InPress
• Actis-GorettaL, Romanczyk LJ, Rodriguez CA, Kwike-Uribe C, Keen CL. Cytotoxic effects of digalloyl dimmer procyanidins in humancancer cell lines. The Journal ofNutritional Biochemistry. In Press
• Borchers AT, Keen CL, Gershwin ME. Smoking cessation: Significance andimplications for children. Clinical Review in Allergy and Immunology. In Press
• Schnorr O,Brossette T, Momma T, Kleinbongard P, Keen CL, Schroeter H, Sies H. Cocoa flavanols lower vascular arginase activity in humanendothelial cells in vitro and in erythrocytes in vivo. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. In Press
• Balzer J, Rassaf T, Heiss C, Kleinbongard P, Lauer T, Merx M, Heussen N,Gross HB, Keen CL,Schroeter H, Kelm M.Sustained benefits in vascular function through flavanol-containingcocoa in medicated diabetic patients: A double-masked, randomized, controlledtrial. Journal of the American Collegeof Cardiology. In Press